Due to its high expression in various cancers and its known cytoprotective effect, TRAP1 has been identified as a potential target for anti-tumor therapy. However, recently Len Neckers from the National Cancer Institute and Didier Picard of the University of Geneva in Switzerland have questioned this view in a new study. In a paper published in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Sciences (PNAS), the researchers described the mechanism by which TRAP1 disrupts the metabolism of malignant cells, confirming that this protein progresses to a more aggressive stage as malignant cells progress amount reduced. TRAP1 inhibition caused malignant cells to change from one metabolic signaling pathway to another more powerful signaling pathway, thereby significantly improving cell motility and invasiveness. In some cases, a treatment aimed at inhibiting TRAP1 may actually stimulate tumor progression to metastatic status.
With the aid of inhaled oxygen, the cells of the body consume various nutrients and extract energy from them to meet their daily needs. For example, mitochondria "completely burn" glucose, thereby generating maximum energy. However, even without oxygen, this nutrient will still provide some energy after being partially digested in the cytoplasm. "This process, which is similar to fermentation, is often used by tumor cells to enable them to multiply quickly and to a great extent to get rid of the need for oxygen. They provide low energy output by consuming more glucose," University of Geneva Didier Picard, a professor in the Department of Cell Biology at the School of Science, said.
Overexpression of TRAP1 by the shield of malignant cells is characteristic of certain types of tumors. This protein molecule that exists in mitochondria belongs to the family of "molecular chaperones" and plays a role in protecting cells from self-destruction and DNA damage caused by free radicals and other types of stress. "TRAP1 has antioxidant and cytoprotective functions, so malignant cells use it as a shield, which has led researchers to identify this protein as a target for anti-tumor therapy. Preclinical experiments have confirmed that TRAP1 inhibitors have anti-cancer Active, "said Guillaume Mühlebach, co-first author of the paper.
Alternative methods of energy generation ...
Tumor formation occurs in several stages, each with different metabolic needs. Working with research teams from the United States and Japan, researchers at the University of Geneva confirmed that the expression of TRAP1 is negatively correlated with tumor stage in different types of human cancer. "In particular, we found that TRAP1 regulates a metabolic 'switch' of glucose breakdown. When this protein is overexpressed (this often occurs in primary tumors), cells use glycolysis to generate energy for growth "Didier Picard explained.
According to current needs ... On the other hand, in the more advanced stage of the tumor, TRAP1 expression is reduced, and the cells are transferred into the mitochondria to completely burn the nutrients. This metabolic signaling pathway uses high oxygen consumption to obtain high energy output, providing malignant cells with the energy necessary to form metastases. "The lack of TRAP1 actually caused a significant increase in cell movement and invasiveness," said Evangelia Vartholomaiou, a member of the Geneva team.
Therefore, an anti-cancer strategy targeting this protein may have adverse effects on tumors that can promote one metabolic signal according to their own needs and replace another metabolic signal. At the same time, by inhibiting cell proliferation, this treatment may actually stimulate cancer to progress to a metastatic state.
Plastic is a durable, safe, and adaptable material that can radically reduce the cost of Playground Equipment. It comes in an assortment of colors, sizes, and shapes, and production methods lend themselves to creativity. Manufacturers can design a plastic jungle gym, a Plastic Playground slide, plastic tube-tunnels, ladders, monkey bars, and even work-out equipment.
Whether you`re looking to furnish your residential area, or reinvigorate your commercial property, this guide will help you manage and understand the prices of playground equipment.
2 Types of Plastic Production
The components for plastic playground sets are made by one of two possible manufacturing methods:
Rotational Molding
In this process, the mold is filled with a polymer material then rotated and heated in tandem to melt into the cavity. Once the material takes shape, it is cooled to harden and the tool is removed, resulting in a hollow plastic structure.
This is a cost-effective method of making Plastic Playground Equipment, with high-flexibility and low labor demand, but it can be very time-consuming.
Blow Molding
In this process, plastic is melted into a rounded mass with an opening on one side called a parison. Air is then blown into the opening to shape the soft plastic to fit a mold.
This method is typically more expensive, but much quicker. For large budget mass production, blow molding is the way to go, but it falls behind when it comes to variation and reducing your playground cost.
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