The development of printing technology for half a century 1.8

Binding Development> Section VIII Development of Bookbinding

The large prints printed from the printing press must be processed through many processes such as folding, placarding, linking, wrapping, trimming, and the like. The sum of these steps is the binding. Stapling is the last major process of printing books and periodicals, and it is also the most complicated process in the production of books and periodicals, and the largest amount of labor is occupied.

Bookbinding methods> First, books binding

1. Adjustment of Bookbinding Industry in the Fifties

Prior to the 1950s, in the book printing industry, the technology was the most backward, and manual operations accounted for the largest proportion of binding. In the binding process, operations such as folding, fitting, brushing, threading, wrapping, etc., are not manual operations other than using pedals and hand-cutting machines. In some outlying cities, some of the bindings also use machete paper, awl drill and hammer book. As binding equipment is relatively simple, bookbinding production is mostly carried out in small-scale hand-workshops and small-scale bookbinding factories.

Bookbinding is an indispensable process in the production of books and periodicals. Its production must be balanced with printing production. In the early 1950s, in order to coordinate the development of the book and book printing industry, the General Administration of Publishers made the simultaneous development of typesetting, printing, and binding in book printing. The structure of the book printing industry was re-adjusted and some small-scale binding workshops were merged into a larger scale. A large professional binding plant, or a book printing factory, is merged into a binding workshop in a printing factory. Especially after the public-private partnership in 1956, these small-scale binding factories were merged or merged. Taking Shanghai as an example, in 1949 there were 130 large and small manufacturers, and in 1956 they merged into 24 bookbinding factories. Similar to Shanghai in other cities, after the adjustment of the industry in the early 1950s and the middle period, all books and magazines printing factories were basically equipped with a binding shop. In Beijing, there was originally a certain basic gantry binding factory, which was still preserved and later it was further developed into a specialized Beijing factory.

2. The book's paperback and hardcover

The binding of books, in brief, is divided into two aspects: the exterior of the book body and the bookbinding of the book block. The exterior of the book body is to protect the book block, in order to look beautiful appearance and measures taken, such as the package cover, the loading of the book shell, plus protection seal, cut the book edge, etc.; the book block is linked to the book page to loose the book Linked into a book block for easy preservation and reading. The exterior of the book body is divided into two major categories: paperback and hardcover.

(1) Paperback. Bookbinding is a more popular binding method. It has a relatively simple process, low cost of materials, and is suitable for popular books, textbooks, and children's books with large circulation. Paperback process: folding → with posts → plastic back → book block → compaction → cover, hot back → cutting.

(2) Hardcover. For important classic writings, academic writings, important historical materials, albums, atlases, and reference books, hardcover is used. Hardcover books have hard shells, and some also add seals, which have a good protective effect on the book block. Due to the hard materials used in the hardcover book and the complexity of the process, the cost of the hardcover book is higher than that of the paperback book. The hardcover book is already a fine book, for some books, in order to improve its collection value, and even use luxury equipment, not only beautiful design, framed materials are superior. But this is after all the best in the book, very rare.

The process flow of hardcover book is divided into four phases:

Book block linkage: folding → with posts → threading → compaction → gum back → cutting book block processing: round back → ridge → paste gauze → stick plug cloth → paste jam book shell processing: cutting → brush Glue→Appliqué fabric→Wrapped corner→Air dry book case: Book cover shell → Pressure groove → Patch lining → Compaction → Stereotype

Bookbinding and bookcase processing can be performed simultaneously. After the book block processing is completed, the finished book case is placed on the book block for further processing and shaping.

3. History of book block linkage technology

The progress of bookbinding technology is mainly based on the development of bookbinding. The book block connection method is as follows:

(1) 3 orders.

Create three booked eyes near the book's booklet, and use the line to stitch the book book into the book block. Three eyes are old-fashioned hand-booking methods, and production efficiency is low. After the book block is opened, it is not easy to flatten, and it is rarely used after the fifties.

(2) Iron flat.

After eliminating three sets of orders, a bookbinding machine with iron wire was used to link the book's signatures into a book block at the bookbinding site. With the wire connection, the book block is firm and the production efficiency is high. As with the three eyes, the book block is not easy to flatten after being opened, and the iron wire easily rusts and contaminates the book block.

(3) threading set.

For books with a book block below 200 pages, iron stitching is still available, and for books with a thicker book block, threading must be used. The booklet is booked as a book block with a line string at the order opening in the page number order. The advantage of threading is that no matter how thick the book block is, it can be worn by the thread, and after the book block is spread, it can be opened and it can be leveled out. Line stitching is not new technology. It was only through the manual threading before the 1950s. After the 1960s, the stringing machine was gradually used.

(4) sewing set.

This is also a kind of flat book. Use an industrial sewing machine to make a seam along the booklet's mouth and join the book's signatures as book blocks. For books or brochures with less than 100 pages of book block, you can use sewing to order when not using iron wire.

(5) Perfect binding.

This is a kind of book block connection that became popular after the 1970s. As the name implies, this method of linking does not use lines, but rather breaks through the burrs at the book-settings, and then applies adhesive to bind the signatures to the book block at the set-up. Adhesives generally use white latex or hot melt adhesives. The glue-booked book cores are well-read and flattened, which is convenient for mechanized operations. The disadvantage is that sometimes the signatures are not sticky and easy to page off. Since the 1980s it has been the main method of bookbinding.

(6) Saddle stitching.

For thin booklets and publications with only one or two sheets, saddle stitching can be used. The iron wire is passed through the creases from the outside in the creases of the signature, and the signatures are linked together. The saddle stitching process is simple, the production efficiency is high, the cost is low, and the mechanization is easy to realize. However, this kind of bookbinding method also has its disadvantages. First, the wire is prone to rust; second, the pages are easily detached. Therefore, the binding of many books is a major method of binding books in the Chinese periodicals and has been widely adopted.

Stapled mechanization> Second, bookbinding mechanization

Binding technology is a typical labor-intensive production technology. In the book printing factory, binding staff account for about one-third of the total number of the whole factory. The first process of binding is folding, and the large printed sheets to be printed will be folded into the signatures several times in accordance with the requirements for the publication of the books and the order of page numbers. All printing giants are folded without exception, one by one. This is a labor-intensive and time-consuming repetitive effort. The workload of folding is about one-third of the entire binding workload. China's bookbinding mechanization began with folding mechanization.

1. Start of the binding mechanization

In the early 1950s, Yang Xiuji, a binding worker of the Printing Department of the Political Department of the North China Military Region, invented an automatic folding machine, which can be used by more than one machine to reach the labor of 30 workers. In 1953, Changchun Xinhua Printing Co., Ltd. created the "five-in-one" package cover method to combine the folding, drawing, contruction, point (paste) and cover 5 processes of the cover to improve the ergonomics nearly twice.

In 1956, the Changchun People's Health Publishing House printing plant successfully produced a compact grid folding machine. Although its structure was still relatively simple, it had to be manually fed, but it was after all a mechanical movement instead of manual labor. The success of the folding machine innovation and its application in production freed the binding workers from the heavy physical labor and increased the production efficiency. The success of the folding machine innovation also greatly encouraged the enthusiasm of workers for technological innovation. Since then, book printing companies in cities such as Shenyang, Beijing, and Shanghai have successively innovated many types of folding machines, including grills and knives. There are also open and four open. In the bookbinding technology, a new wave of technological innovation has been continuously promoted.

In 1958 and 1959, in addition to the folding machine, the Ministry of Culture Publishing Administration twice held a technical exchange of innovations in the national printing industry held in Shanghai for technical innovation. Various processes such as covers and books have been exhibited with technological innovations.

Changchun Xinhua Printing Co., Ltd. changed the single-head wire to be the single-headed rider. Beijing Xinhua Printing Factory trialed an automatic pager. By the mid-1960s, Shenyang Xinhua Printing Co., Ltd. had successfully trialed a single package cover machine. The aircraft was later improved by the Beijing Institute of Graphic Technology and produced by the Shangqiu Printing Machinery Factory. In 1970, Shanghai Xinhua Printing Co., Ltd. successfully produced a double-disc wrapping machine for trial production, which was later handed over to Shanghai Printing Machinery Factory for mass production. In 1973, Changchun Xinhua Printing Co., Ltd., on the basis of summing up experience, further developed a double bundle cover machine.

Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, in addition to the progressive mechanization of bookbinding, bookbinding, and bag cover operations, there were many innovations in bookbinding processes. For example, the ZSX-02 automatic stringing machine manufactured by Shanghai Stapling Machinery Factory has been adopted by many printing factories. Hardback books, spinners and ridgers have also been successfully developed.

2. The beginning of binding

Binding is a brand new method of linking signatures. Instead of threading or wire, glue binding is applied to the back of a book to bind the signature to a book.

As early as the fifties, the Tianjin People's Printing Factory had successfully tested the wireless glue binding method. However, due to the implementation of the key material of this process hot melt adhesive or white glue, was still difficult to supply, making the new binding technology can not be promoted. In 1962, the Beijing Institute of Printing Technology cooperated with related organizations to trial-produce white glue made of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, which created the conditions for the implementation of a new process of wireless glue-binding in large areas. Since then, wireless glue-binding has only been gradually promoted. .

In the case of the application of the wireless glue binding, the back of the book was opened with a saw, and the bonding was still not ideal. Later, it was adopted by the China Youth Publishing House.