Avian diseases pose serious threats to both birds and humans, often spreading through direct contact, contaminated environments, or vectors like insects. Understanding the pathogens involved, their survival capabilities, and effective disinfection methods is essential for prevention and control.
1. **Chlamydia**
Chlamydia, also known as bird plague or parrot fever, is a zoonotic disease caused by *Chlamydia psittaci*. This pathogen is not very heat-resistant, as it becomes inactive at 55°C within 5 minutes and at 37°C after 48 hours. It can survive up to 6 days in sunlight and 17 days in water. While it is less sensitive to acidic or basic environments, it is easily destroyed by quaternary ammonium compounds and lipid solvents. Common disinfectants such as benzalkonium chloride, 70% alcohol, and 3% hydrogen peroxide can inactivate the pathogen within minutes. However, it is resistant to coal phenol and lime.
2. **Newcastle Disease**
Newcastle disease is an acute viral infection caused by a paramyxovirus. Symptoms include respiratory distress, diarrhea, neurological issues, and internal bleeding. The virus is vulnerable to high temperatures, sunlight, and certain disinfectants. A 2% caustic soda solution, 1-2% formaldehyde, or similar disinfectants can kill the virus within 20 minutes. In summer, direct sunlight can inactivate it in about 30 minutes, and heating to 70°C kills it in 2 minutes. At 30-32°C, the virus can survive for up to a month indoors.
3. **Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)**
Also called Gumboro disease, IBD affects young birds, causing diarrhea, weakness, and damage to the bursa of Fabricius and kidneys. The causative agent is the infectious bursal disease virus, a member of the Reoviridae family. This virus is highly resilient, surviving for 90 minutes at 60°C and up to three years at -20°C. It can be inactivated by strong alkaline solutions (pH 12) after one hour at 30°C. It is also resistant to UV light and can remain infectious in feces, feed, and water for 52 days. Cockroaches and other insects may act as vectors. Formaldehyde and chloramine are effective disinfectants.
4. **Marek’s Disease**
Marek’s disease, also known as infectious lymphoma, causes tumors in various organs, nerves, and skin. The causative agent is a herpesvirus from the B subgroup. This virus is particularly dangerous for newly hatched chicks. It survives for 210 days at -16°C but is more sensitive to heat—only 48 hours at 22-25°C, 18 hours at 37°C, and 10 minutes at 60°C. Most common disinfectants have some effect on the virus, though effectiveness varies.
5. **Fowl Pox**
Fowl pox is a viral disease that spreads through direct contact or insect vectors. It comes in two forms: cutaneous (skin) and diphtheritic (mucous). The fowlpox virus is highly resistant, surviving for many weeks even when dried and exposed to sunlight. It can remain viable for years in cold environments below -15°C. It is inactivated by 60°C after 3 hours. Effective disinfectants include 1% sodium hydroxide, 1% acetic acid, or 0.1% mercuric chloride, which can kill the virus within 5 minutes.
6. **Swollen Eye Disease**
This condition, commonly seen in hot weather (above 30°C), is often misdiagnosed as simple eye inflammation. Caused by *Chlamydia trachomatis*, it leads to severe eye swelling, weight loss, and digestive issues. Birds may show greenish feces and internal bleeding. If left untreated, mortality rates can exceed 90%. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial, as improper use of antibiotics can worsen the condition.
For more information, refer to articles on the treatment standards for low-virulent Newcastle disease vaccines and prevention strategies for avian diseases.
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