Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FRAM) RFID has been used as a data carrier tag due to its large storage capacity and fast erasing speed. The built-in serial interface enriches RFID applications by connecting sensors to RFID.
To date, Fujitsu Semiconductor has developed RFID LSI products in the high frequency band (13.6MHz) and ultra high frequency bands (860 MHz to 960 MHz). The most important feature of these products is that they embed FRAM. Due to their high erasing speed and high number of erasing times, they have been widely used as data carrier type passive RFID LSIs worldwide.
The advantage of large storage data carriers is that RFID can record traceable data, such as manufacturing data, production data, logistics data, maintenance data, etc., so it can be used for the management of various assets, products and components. Due to these advantages of large storage data carriers, it is desirable to further utilize FRAM RFID to connect devices such as sensors. Based on these market demands, Fujitsu Microelectronics has developed a technology with a serial interface, the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) on the ultra-high-band RIFD LSI.
Benefits of FRAM-based FRID LSI
FRAM is a non-volatile memory that uses ferroelectric materials as a data carrier, combining the advantages of random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). As a non-volatile memory used in RFID, an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) has been widely used, but when data is written, the EEPROM requires an internal boost voltage because the principle of data storage is See if it has an electronic charge, so its write speed is very slow (takes a few milliseconds), and the number of endurance is limited to 100,000 times. Therefore, most EEPROM-based RFID LSIs are small storage capacity products that are only suitable for reading and are not suitable for writing.
Figure: Application example of FRAM RFID.
In comparison, FRAM performs equally well in writing and reading because the principles are the same. The FRAM itself has an erasing speed of 100 nanoseconds and a read/write resistance of 10 billion times. This is why FRAM RFID can provide large storage capacity as a data carrier.
The most important advantage of RFID with large storage capacity and fast erasing speed is that it can record data on its own memory, which can transform data processing from centralized data management to distributed data management. Traditional EEPROM RFID is managed in a centralized manner in many cases. In this mode, data exists on the server side and needs to be associated with the ID of the tag itself. FRAM RFID enables distributed data management, and data can be stored on the label, thereby reducing the load on the server. This approach is especially suitable for production history management in the field of factory automation (FA) and maintenance. In the field of factory automation, there are hundreds of processes that need to write data frequently. In the field of maintenance, when data is confirmed on site, data needs to be written frequently, such as maintenance history, parts information, etc., so that there is no need to ask the data server.
Another major feature of FRAM is its superior protection against EEPROM in terms of radiation protection. For example, in gamma ray sterilization of medical devices and packaging, food or linen, the presence of data in the EEPROM can be severely affected by radiation because its data storage uses electronic charges. The data in the presence of FRAM is still unaffected at radiation levels up to 45kGy.
Built-in serial interface on RFID LSI
A serial interface has been built into the FRAM RFID LSI to provide additional functionality for RFID as a data carrier. The main feature of this configuration is that for the same FRAM memory area, it can be accessed either from the serial interface or from the RF interface. After being connected to a microcontroller (MCU) via a serial interface, the FRAM can be externally stored as an MCU and accessed via the RF interface. Therefore, the RFID reader can read the stored data written by the MCU, and for the MCU, it can read the parameter data, such as the operating environment written by the RF interface.
For example, we can assume that the sensor is connected to the MCU, then we can think of RFID as a sensor tag. In this case, the MCU periodically monitors the sensor data and then writes it to the FRAM memory. After a while, the collected traceable data can be read via the RF interface. At the same time, RFID can also be regarded as a parameter memory of the MCU. In this case, the MCU is some parameter that exists in the specified storage area. The data in the storage area can be rewritten through the RF interface, and then the MCU will change the interval to acquire the sensor data, or change the condition of the flash to inform. Active tags are also a well-known solution for the combination of RFID and sensors. But the active tag is just a one-way communication mode, and it has no memory for the RF reader to read data later. Therefore, active tags cannot be used as data carriers to record traceable data.
On the other hand, FRAM RFID can record traceable data due to its large storage capacity, and can record data through the serial interface when the tag is not in the RF area.
In addition to sensing applications, RFID with a built-in serial interface can theoretically be connected to a variety of applications controlled by the MCU. Practical applications may include monitoring of plant equipment status, such as pressure, flow, etc., or historical data records for gaming machines, medical equipment, and the like. As far as the information currently available is concerned, some of these applications have already met the application requirements through existing technologies (such as contactless smart cards), and some have not yet reached the storage capacity and transmission speed after adopting the technology. Claim. But we hope that through this technology we can discover new uses and applications of RFID, and we can further test the technology to achieve more ideas.
Serial interface connection
From the feedback of customers, we recognize that further discussion of the use of serial interface connections is needed. One of the problems is related to the battery, and the other is the communication distance.
RF data transmission is established through passive communication mode, which means that the power supply is provided by a reader or writer. This way, serial data transfer requires an extra battery. Battery problems are a common problem in active tags, and our technology is sometimes misunderstood as active tags in practical applications. But in any case, battery life is a problem to consider.
From this point of view, the functionality of the serial interface is best suited for embedded applications in machines or instruments, as these applications always provide a stable power supply. However, if the label is securely attached and attached to some movable asset or object, battery management can become a problem because the battery cannot be replaced at the end of the battery life.
Therefore, it is particularly important to evaluate battery life based on the environment in which it is used. Consider some charging devices, such as rechargeable batteries, or batteries that use some energy to generate electricity. If you can charge during RF communication, it should be a good choice in theory, but it is not practical because the communication distance will be seriously damaged.
Regarding communication distance, it is well known that impedance matching is important for ultra-high frequency bands because it determines communication performance. Therefore, it must be considered that the matching impedance is severely affected by connecting various LSIs and devices through a serial interface, or because they are mounted on a circuit board. From the above situation, if the serial interface is used, the antenna design may become more complicated than the conventional RFID tag.
future development
RFID was originally used as an ID store that can be read by an RFID reader. Fujitsu Semiconductor has used FRAM in RFID. Due to its fast FRAM erasing speed and high number of erasing and erasing, it has realized data carrier tags for large-capacity storage. Today, RFID with built-in serial interface adds a new feature that allows traceable data to be recorded from sensors and other devices through the MCU even if the tag is not in the RF area, and can be read by RF later.
Although some problems need to be solved in practical applications, we still hope that customers can evaluate this function through samples to discover new possibilities. In the process of evaluating and discussing with our customers, we will improve the specifications of LSI. In addition, we have many MCU products that can be connected to RFID, and customers can consider these products.
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